Prvi rezultati laboratorijskih analiz zastopanosti fitoplazem na sadnem drevju in vinski trti

Nataša PETROVIČ¹, Ruggero OSLER², Gabrijel SELJAK³, Jernej BRZIN⁴, Paolo ERMACORA⁵, Nazia LOI⁶, Luigi CARARRO⁷, Francesca FERRINI⁸, Elvio REFATTI⁹, Giuseppe FIRRAO¹⁰, Denis Clair¹¹, Elisabeth Boudon-Padieu¹² , Maja RAVNIKAR¹³

^1,4,13 Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo, Oddelek za rastlinsko fiziologijo in biotehnologijo, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija  
^{2,5,6,7,8,9,10} Universita' degli studi di Udine, Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, IT-33100 Udine, Italija
³ Kmetijsko veterinarski zavod Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenija,
¹¹ INRA Dijon, Equipe de Recherches sur les Phytoplasmes BV 1540, 21034 DIJON Cedex, Francija

V preteklih letih so se pojavljala poročila o povečani zastopanosti in širjenju fitoplazmatskih obolenj sadnega drevja in vinske trte v Sloveniji. Poročila so v glavnem izhajala iz vizualnih pregledov sadovnjakov in vinogradov ter iz zelo omejenega števila laboratorijskih analiz, opravljenih v tujini.

V zadnjih dveh letih smo na Oddelku za rastlinsko fiziologijo in biotehnologijo NIB, v Centru Planta, ob pomoči laboratorijev INRA, Dijon, Francija in Univerze Udine, Italija ter ob sodelovanju s Kmetijsko veterinarskim zavodom Nova Gorica, uvedli laboratorijske postopke za rutinsko analizo karantenskih fitoplazem na sadnem drevju (metličavost jablan, Apple proliferation, AP; propadanja hrušk, Pear decline, PD; leptonekroza koščičarjev, European stone fruit yellows, ESFY) ter zlate trsne rumenice, Flavescence doree, FD, na vinski trti, poleg tega pa še za dve sorodni, rumenici na vinski trti (črni les, Bois noir, BN; rumenica tipa ‘Aster’, Aster yellows, AY). Z uporabo novih tehnologij rutinske detekcije si obetamo potrditev, razlikovanje in ovrednotenje razširjenosti in pomena posameznih fitoplazem v Sloveniji. Nove detekcijske metode so hkrati potrebne tudi za rutinsko rabo, zaradi pomembne in obsežne pridelave trsnih cepljenk in sadnih sadik v Sloveniji, zaradi izvoza tega materiala in kar obsežnega uvoza sadilnega materiala, ki bi ga morali biti sposobni sami zdravstveno pregledati in izdati zanj veljaven evropski certifikat.

V letu 2000 smo analizirali 50 trsov in 72 sadnih dreves (45 jablan, 9 hrušk in 18 koščičarjev) na različnih lokacijah po Sloveniji. Prikazali bomo rezultate analiz in razpravljali o pomenu spremljanja zastopanosti omenjenih fitoplazmatskih bolezni za izvajanje nadzora nad njimi v Sloveniji.

ABSTRACT

First results on laboratory analyses of phytoplasma on grapevine and fruit trees

Increased presence and spread of phytoplasma diseases on fruit trees and grapevine in Slovenia has been reported over a  last decade. The reports mainly based on visual inspections of orchards and vineyards, and on a limited number of samples analyzed in the laboratories in Italy and France.

At the national Institute of Biology, Center PLANTA,  we have recently introduced laboratory procedures for routine analysis of quarantine phytoplasma on fruit trees (Apple proliferation, AP, Pear decline, PD, and European stone fruit yellows, ESFY) and grapevine (Flavescence doree, FD), and other grapevine yellows phytoplasma (Bois noir, BN, and Aster yellows, AY). The introduction of these new techniques will enable the identification and the evaluation of spread and economic impact of specific phytoplasma disease agents in Slovenia. New detection procedures will also enable the control over the production of healthy planting material, the control over the imported planting material, and the issuing of EC certificates required for the export of planting material.

In a year 2000 we have analyzed 50 grapevine plants and 72 fruit trees (45 apple, 9 pear, and 18 stone fruits trees) from different locations throughout Slovenia. The results of these analyses will be presented and a need to monitor the presence and spread of the named phytoplasma diseases in Slovenia will be discussed.