STRATEGIJA
ZA ERADIKACIJO ŠARKE NA POLJSKEM
The
Main Inspectorate of Plant Protection – The Central Laboratory,
87-100 Toruń, Poljska
Na
Poljskem je bila šarka zabeležena leta 1961. Plum
pox potyvirus (PPV), povzročitelj šarke, je na Poljskem karantenski
organizem od leta 1990.
Stopnja okužbe in razširjenost šarke ni bila znana do leta 1996, ko je bil narejen pregled razširjenosti te bolezni. Na osnovi tega pregleda so zaključili, da je šarka razširjena na celotnem območju Poljske, tudi v matičnih nasadih in v drevesnicah, vendar v različnem obsegu. Najbolj so prizadeta južna območja.
Postalo je jasno, da so za
obvladovanje in izkoreninjenje šarke na Poljskem potrebni strogi ukrepi. Uradni
program je bil izdelan leta 1998 v sodelovanju z Inštitutom za pomologijo in
hortikulturo v Skierniewicah. Program vključuje izkoreninjenje šarke iz razmnoževalnega in sadilnega materiala (matični nasadi
cepičev, zarodišča podlag in drevesnice), pridelovalnih nasadov
ter drugih rastlin,
gostiteljic virusa PPV (mali nasadi na kmečkih gospodarstvih, vrtovi in divji
gostitelji). Splošna navodila so bila: povečanje števila pregledanih rastlin,
enotna metoda pregledov in vzorčenja in strog nadzor izkoreninjenja.
Vsako okuženo drevo je bilo
uničeno. Posebno strogi so kriteriji za matične nasade cepičev, zarodišča
podlag in drevesnice. Razen odstranitve okuženih dreves je ob odkritju virusa
PPV na teh objektih prepovedana tudi uporaba rastlin ali njihovih delov za
nadaljnje razmnoževanje, dokler le-ti niso priznano brez virusov. Dodatne
ukrepe (t.j. škropljenje proti ušem) uporabljajo v vsakem primeru.
Rezultat vseh teh ukrepov je
popolno izkoreninjenje šarke v matičnih nasadih cepičev, preprečitev
trgovine z okuženim materialom iz matičnih nasadov ali drevesnic in zmanjševanje
pojava PPV v drevesnicah in na gostiteljih v njihovi okolici.
ABSTRACT
The strategy of the sharka eradication in Poland
In
Poland sharka has been reported since 1961. Plum
pox potyvirus, the causal agent
of the sharka, has a quarantine status in Poland since 1990.
The
extend and the prevalence of the sharka occurrence had not been recognized until
1996, when the delimiting survey was carried out. It led to the conclusion that
sharka occurred on the whole territory of Poland, also in scions
orchards and nurseries, but in various
prevalence. Southern regions were the most affected.
It
became clear that strict measures were necessary for the containment and the
eradication of the sharka in Poland. The official program was developed in 1998
in co-operation with the Institute of Pommology and Horticulturae in
Skierniewice. The program includes the eradication of sharka from propagative
material used for planting (scions orchards, rootstocks crops and nurseries),
and also from commercial orchards as well as other crops of PPV host plants (small
orchards attached to a homesteads, allotment gardens and wild sharka hosts).
General guidelines were: the increase of the number of crops inspected, the
uniform procedures of the inspection conducting and sampling, and strictly
observed eradication.
Each
infected tree is rooted out. Particular strict measures are taken in the case of
scions orchards, rootstocks crops and nurseries. The detection of PPV in those
crops means, except removal of infected plants, the prohibition of using plants
or their parts for further propagation until the crop is recognized as free from
the disease. Additional preventive measures (e.g. spraying against aphids) are
applied in each case.
All these measures have resulted in complete eradication of the sharka from scions orchards, the elimination of the commercial movement of the infested plant material originating from scions orchards or nurseries and the reduction of the prevalence of PPV in nurseries and surrounding crops.