UČINKI ŠTIRILETNEGA INTENZIVNEGA IZKORENINJANJA BAKTERIJSKEGA HRUŠEVEGA OŽIGA NA POLJSKEM
Jacek
Żandarski, Hanna Bagińska,
Monika Kordyla-Bronka
The
Main Inspectorate of Plant Protection – The Central Laboratory,
87-100 Toruń,
Poljska
Od
leta 1996 dalje se s ciljem izkoreninjenja bakterijskega hruševega ožiga
intenzivno ukvarjamo. V ta namen smo opravili veliko število pregledov različnih
gostiteljskih rastlin. Vsako leto smo pregledali med 6 in 7 tisoč drevesnic in
pridelovalnih nasadov jabolk, hrušk in kutin. Predmet pregledov so bili tudi
manjši vrtovi na kmetijah in številne samonikle gostiteljske rastline
bakterije, ki povzroča obravnavano bolezen (glog, jerebika, itn.) (25-26 tisoč
rastlin na leto).
Z
vsake rastline s sumljivimi znamenji smo odvzeli vzorce in jih laboratorijsko
pregledali. Diagnosticiranje bakterijskega hruševega ožiga je zajemalo
izolacijo bakterij na hranilnem gojišču in nadaljnjo identifikacijo s pomočjo
razpoložljive metode (serološko in biokemijsko testiranje, PCR).
Okužene
rastline odstranimo in sežgemo. Posebni napori so usmerjeni v zmanjšanje
potencialnega vira okužbe. Za matične nasade so uvedeni dodatni varnostni
ukrepi; to je prepoved uporabe celotnih rastlin ali njihovih delov za nadaljnje
razmnoževanje.
Vsi
ti ukrepi so privedli do opaznega zmanjšanja razširjenosti te bolezni. Na
bakterijski hrušev ožig v drevesnicah naletimo le občasno, v komercialnih
nasadih pa ga opazimo le redkokdaj. Samonikle gostiteljske rastline, posebno
glog, so trenutno okužene bolj pogosto. Okuženost rastlin z bakterijskim hruševim
ožigom se je v zadnjih štirih letih zmanjšala za več kot dvakrat.
ABSTRACT
EFFECTS OF
FOUR-YEARS
INTENSIVE ERADICATION
Poland has been one of the first European countries affected by the fire blight. First foci of the disease were discovered in the North of the country in 1966. It has spread in short time to the southern regions. Bacteria Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the fire blight, has a quarantine status in Poland since 1962.
Intensive efforts aimed at eradication of the fire blight have been in force since 1996. These include high number of inspections conducted in various crops of the host plants. About 6-7 thousands of nurseries and commercial orchards of apples, pears and quinces are inspected each year. Small gardens attached to homesteads and wild fire blight hosts (hawthorn, sorb, rowan, etc.) are also subjected to inspection (25-26 thousands of crops per year).
Sample
is taken from each crop suspected of the fire blight infection and then examined
in the laboratory. Diagnostic of the fire blight includes the isolation of the
bacterium on growing media and further identification using available methods
(e.g. serological and biochemical tests, PCR).
Infested
plants are removed and burned. Special treatment is applied in order to reduce
the potential source of inoculum. Additional strict measures are imposed in the
case of scions orchards or nurseries, e.g. prohibition of using whole plants or
their parts for further propagation.
All
these measures have resulted in significant reduction of the disease prevalence.
The fire blight is only sporadically notified in nurseries and rarely in
commercial orchards. Wild host plants, especially hawthorn, are affected the
most frequently at the time being. Generally, the rate of the infestation of the
fire blight host plants has been reduced more than twice during the last four
years.